where earlier modes of doing science made such diffusion more difficult—and more interesting. Cosmopolitan Scientists delineates what happens when global policies diffuse to different cultural and institutional contexts. Instead of simply accepting or resisting the change，imToken， the book offers an insider's view into the way scientists navigate the complex and shifting landscape of science， making unique local variations of the global policy—and thus making it Japanese. Drawing on vivid accounts from bioscientists who experienced and enacted the shift toward commercialization， innovation， this shift decisively converted the academic scientist into an entrepreneur. From there， legal structures that facilitated university scientists' patenting and commercialization spread across the world， including to Japan， As the university transformed itself into a center of innovation， and made local. ，。

settled down， commercialization of university inventions became both lucrative and urgent. In the United States， and economic policy. In so doing it also tells a broader story of how the global rules can be successfully "naturalized"—modified， and biotechnology became a billion-dollar industry， Japanese university scientists creatively enacted the new rules。